ABSTRACT
Background: Hypertension is a major risk factor for several cardiovascular Vascular Disease. The prevalence of hypertension is increasing in Nepal especially in Urban Area. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factor in urban area of Nepal. Methods: We conducted a case control study involving the participant between 40-80 years of age between. Data on socioeconomic status, tobacco use, alcohol use, life style, family history of hypertension were collected using WHO protocol. Hypertension and Prehypertension were defined according to JNC-7. Results: On analyzing the study result among 130 hypertensives and 130 normotensives we found that 40(30.80%) of the hypertensive were alcoholic. In Normotensive but alcoholic group the prevalence of Hypertension was 53(40.80%). Similarly, the smoking habit was also assessed with relation of Hypertension and we found that 50(38.50%) of smoker were Hypertensive. The incidence of Hypertension decreased to 40(30.80%) in Normotensive population. 72(55.40%) people who had sedentary type of life style were hypertensive. On the other hand, 43(33.10%) of the people who had non-sedentary were hypertensive. We also had studied the relation of family with Hypertension. We found that 75(57.70%) of the people were hypertensive. The incidence decreased to 50(38.50%) to the patients who had no family association. Conclusions: The prevalence of Hypertension is high among our study population. The population based interventional programs and policies for increased awareness about risk factors like smoking, alcoholism, sedentary life style, familial association and life style modification are essential for prevention of Hypertension.
ABSTRACT
Background: Brachial plexus is the plexus of nerves that supplies the upper limb. Variations in the branches of brachial plexus are common but variations in the roots and trunks are very rare. Methods: Here, we report one of such rare variations in the formations of the upper trunk, middle trunk, and lower trunk of the brachial plexus in the right and left upper limb of a male and female cadaver. Results: In the present study1 limb (1.6%), there was absence of the upper trunk on the left side of a male cadaver with approximate age of 20 years. And In 1 limb (1.6%), upper trunk of the brachial plexus was found unilaterally on the right side of a male cadaver aged approximately 55 years. the upper trunk was present in 2 limbs (3.3%), both on the right side of male cadavers with approximate age of 55 and 50 years In both cases, C5 and C6 roots were split in anterior and posterior divisions (Figure No. 5). Both anterior divisions joined to give origin to an “anterior superior trunk” and both posterior divisions joined to give origin to a “posterior superior trunk”. These trunks joined to give origin to the superior (upper) trunk. In 2 limbs (3.3%) The middle trunk was absent. in the right upper limb (1.6%) of a male cadaver with approximate age of 35 years the lower trunk was formed by the union of ventral rami of C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots. Conclusions: The knowledge of variations in the formation of brachial plexus is very useful for the anatomists, radiologists, anesthesiologists, neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons.